This may appear as a white area within the nail plate (leukonychia), splitting of the nail (onycholysis), and nail pitting. Īdditionally, the nail can also be affected in psoriasis. The most common type of psoriasis is described as “vulgaris” or plaque psoriasis, which is characterized as erythematous (red), round lesions covered with silvery scales on the extensors of extremities (elbows, knees, scalp, and back). Psoriatic lesions can be further classified into plaque, guttate, pustular, and erythrodermic types according to clinical features. The most common clinical manifestation of psoriasis is cutaneous lesions or plaques. It is thought to be due to both genetics and environmental factors such as vitamin D exposure. This phenomenon is referred to as the ‘equator effect’ and is generally not well understood. Interestingly, other autoimmune disorders also present in a similar global distribution. Whereas countries at lower latitudes that are closer to the equator, such as certain African and Asian countries, have lower rates of psoriasis. While psoriasis can affect anyone, studies have shown that there is an increased prevalence in countries located at higher latitudes, such as the United States and Norway. Psoriasis affects approximately 125 million individuals globally. However, a bimodal age distribution has been observed, with the first age peak ranging from 16 to 22 years old, and a second peak ranging from 57 to 60 years old. The onset of psoriasis can occur at any age.
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